Bob Marley and the Wailers. (1984). Legend [Album]. Island; Tuff Gong.
Brown, B. (2018). Dare to lead: Brave work, tough conversations, whole hearts [Audiobook]. Random House Audio.
Mozart, W. A. (2008). Mozart: The symphonies [Album recorded by the Prague Chamber Orchestra]. Telarc. (Original works composed 1764-1778)
van Schalkwyk, W. (Pianist), & Faganel, G. (Cellist). (2018, February 7). Faculty recital [Album]. University of Northern Colorado.
Verdi, G. (2015). Requiem mass [Album recorded by the UNC Symphony Orchestra & Choirs]. University of Northern Colorado. (Original work composed ca. 1874)
Wonder, S. (1976). Songs in the key of life [Album]. Tamla.
Track
Beyoncé. (2020). Black parade [Song]. Park; Columbia.
Creedence Clearwater Revival. (1969). Fortunate son [Song]. On Willy and the poor boys. Fantasy.
Manson, M. (2016). The tyranny of exceptionalism [Audio track]. In The subtle art of not giving a f*ck: A counterintuitive approach to living a good life. HarperCollins; Blackstone Audio.
Roberts, D. (2021). Race [Audio track]. In N. Hannah-Jones, C. Roper, I. Silverman, & J. Silverstein (Eds.), The 1619 project. One World.
Xavier Cugat and His Orchestra. (1953). Mi prieta [Song]. On Mambo. Mercury; Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/lp_mambo_xavier-cugat-and-his-orchestra
Interview
Coates, E. J. (2019, August 20). Audio recording of interview with Elaine J. Coates [Interview]. University of Maryland Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives. https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/digital_objects/18120
Saunders, V. (1990, December 1). The living memory of the Jewish community: Saunders, Vernon (Part 3) [Interview]. British Library Sounds. https://sounds.bl.uk/Oral-history/Jewish-Holocaust-survivors/021M-C0410X0101XX-0300V0
Scroggins, B. (n.d.). Bessie Scroggins [Interview]. University of Northern Colorado, Archives & Special Collections @ Digital UNC. https://digarch.unco.edu/islandora/object/cogru:4095
Wynne, S. W. (1931, November 30). Diet and health with Dr. Shirley W. Wynne, health commissioner [Interview]. WYNC, NYPR Archive Collections. https://www.wnyc.org/story/1140-a-m-diet-and-health-dr-shirley-w-wynne-health-commissioner
Speech
Gore, K. (2000). [Kristen Gore, daughter of Tipper Gore, gives a speech about her mother] [Speech audio recording]. Michigan State University Libraries, East Lansing, MI, United States.
Harding, W. G. (1920). National and Americanism [Speech audio recording]. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/2004650664/
Poehler, A. (2011, May 26). Harvard University class day commencement address [Speech audio recording]. American Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/amypoehlerharvardcommencement.htm
Ruth, G. H., Jr. (1947, April 27). Dying Babe Ruth addresses fans [Speech audio recording]. History. https://www.history.com/speeches/dying-babe-ruth-addresses-fans
Truman, H. S. (1934, July 28). Judge Harry S. Truman Speech, Springfield, Missouri (SR84-1) [Speech audio recording]. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum, Independence, MO, United States.
Blog
When discussing an entire blog in your paper (and not indicating a specific idea, fact, or document) it is acceptable to simply include the URL of the website in parentheses within your writing. If you are referring to a specific piece of information or directly quoting information on a blog, a text and reference citation are required.
Examples
The blog Just a Colorado Gal (http://www.justacoloradogal.com/) covers not only hiking gear, routes, basics, and specifics, but also follow’s the life of the blogger.
Authors of academic papers can find useful tips and answers to APA questions not covered in the Publication Manual on the APA Style Blog (http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/).
With the tag line 'writer. professor. part-time hippie.' the Stacia L. Brown blog (http://stacialbrown.com/) offers readers current news topics with a human element and a humane eye.
Adventures of a Labor Nurse: The Highs and Lows of Labor and Delivery blog (http://adventuresofalabornurse.com/) looks at the nursing profession and the people with humor and grace.
Blog Entry
Information Needed
Examples
McAdoo, T. (2020, March 16). How to create an APA Style reference for a canceled conference presentation. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/canceled-conferences
Comment on Blog Entry
Information Needed
Examples
Azavedo, M. (2021, March 2). Your approach excites me, is what I too do. I really want to get my hands on the book you [Comment on the article “Creative writing for social research”]. The Research Whisperer. https://researchwhisperer.org/2021/03/02/creative-writing-for-social-research/
Jonathan. (2013, January 6). It’s not that work is less important, but that you can get it done efficiently, the right way [Comment on the article “Do you have an overwork problem?”]. Get a life, PhD. http://getalifephd.blogspot.com/2013/01/do-you-have-overwork-problem.html
Woshiernog. (2022, March 16). Why are people so gung-ho about talking about sexual things to K-3 rd graders and hiding those thing from the student parents? [Comment on the article “Marvel Studio denounces ‘Don’t Say Gay’ bill as Disney employees plan walkout”]. Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/marvel-studios-disney-florida-lgbtq-bill-backlash-1848660759
Authored Book • Edited Book • Anthology • Book Edition • eBook with DOI •
eBook from Library Dat abase • Other eBooks
If citing only a chapter from an edited book, see examples for chapters in edited books.
Information Needed
Examples
Authored Book
Cabaniss, A. (1970). Liturgy and literature: Selected Essays. University of Alabama Press.
Chandler, D., & Werther, W. B., Jr. (2014). Strategic corporate social responsibility: Stakeholders, globalization, and sustainable value creation (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Rhodes, C. (2020). Disturbing business ethics: Emmanuel Levinas and the politics of organization. Routledge.
Edited Book
Felker, G. M., & Mann, D. L. (Eds.). (2020). Heart failure: A companion to Braunwald's heart disease. Elsevier.
Garnett, S., Latch, P., Lindenmayer, D., & Woinarski, J. (Eds.). (2018). Recovering threatened species: A book of hope. CSIRO Publishing.
Pappas, G., & Guajardo, M. (Eds.). (1993). Colorado Hispanics: A report of selected social concerns. Latin American Research and Service Agency.
Anthology
125th anniversary anthology, 1839-1964: A sampling of reading tastes from the lists of an American publisher with a brief historical commentary. (1964). Dodd, Mead & Co.
Garnett, R., Valle'e, L., & Brandl, A. (Eds.). (1902). The universal anthology: A collection of the best literature, ancient, medieval and modern, with biographical and explanatory notes (Westminster Ed., Vol. 33). Merrill & Baker.
Gates, H. L., Jr., & Smith, V. (Eds.). (2014). The Norton anthology of African American literature (3rd ed., Vol. 2). W. W. Norton & Company.
Book Edition
Finkelnburg, W. (1964). Structure of matter (W. Finkenburg & O. Matossi-Riechmeier, Trans., 9th/10th ed.). Springer.
Reid, A., Tu, S., Port, K. L. (2018). Fundamentals of United States intellectual property law: Copyright, patent, and trademark (6th ed.). Kluwer Law International.
Turekian, K. K. (2010). Marine chemistry and geochemistry: A derivative of encyclopedia of ocean sciences (2nd ed.). Academic Press.
eBook with DOI
Goldman, M. B., Troisi, R., & Rexrode, K. M. (2013). Women and health (2nd ed.). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-01962-X
Jones, P., Miles, D., & Gopalkrishnan, N. (2019). Intercultural learning: Critical preparation for international student travel. UTS ePRESS. https://doi.org/10.5130/978-0-9945039-9-2
Kersten, F. (1997). Galileo and the 'invention' of opera: A study in the phenomenology of consciousness. Springer: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8931-4
eBook from Library Database
C ite as an eBook with DOI if the book has a DOI (examples above).
C ite as a print book if the bo ok does not have a DOI (examples above).
Other eBooks (no DOI, not from a library database)
Curnow, K. (2018). The bright continent: African art history. MSL Academic Endeavors. https://pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu/bright-continent/
Doyle, G. R., & McCuthcheon, J. A. (2015). Clinical procedures for safer patient care. British Columbia Institute of Technology. https://opentextbc.ca/clinicalskills/
Vatsyayana. (2009). The kama sutra of Vatsyayana: Translated from the Sanscrit in seven parts with preface, introduction and concluding remarks (S. P. Bhide, R. F. Burton, & B. Indrajit, Trans.). Project Gutenberg. (Original work published in 1883) https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27827
Book Chapter ♦ Reference Work Entry
Book Chapter • Handbook Section/Chapter • Dictionary Entry •
Encyclopedia Entry • Wikipedia Entry
Generally, only cite book chapters when the book has editors and chapters are by different authors or groups of authors. When citing a book with authors but no editors, cite the whole book in the reference list and, if appropriate, give the chapter number in the text citation.
Information Needed
For information of when to use a DOI, URL, or neither, see the Book section.
Examples
Edited Book Chapter
Fasina, A. (2015). Case 3: Altered mental status. In Y. Okuda & B. P. Nelson (Eds.), Emergency medicine oral board review illustrated (2nd ed., pp. 47-50). Cambridge University Press. https://amzn.to/2yFID2P
Levy, R., & Dawson, P. (2014). Interactive worlds as educational tools for understanding arctic life. In K. Kee (Ed). Pastplay: Teaching and learning history with technology (pp. 66-86). University of Michigan Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/dh.12544152.0001.001
Pegoraro, A., Scott, O., & Burch, L. M. (2017). Strategic use of Facebook to build brand awareness: A case study of two national sport organizations. In Information Resources Management Association (Ed.), Sports, media, marketing, and management: Breakthroughs in research and practice (pp. 97-118). IGI Global.
Handbook Section/Chapter
Gallardo, A. R. (2017). Galician political refugees in Portugal during the civil war and post-civil war (1936-1945). In R. DePalma & A. Pérez-Caramés (Eds.), Galician migrations: A case study of emerging super-diversity (pp.51-62). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66305-0_5
Lin, W. (2020). Participatory geographic information systems in visual research. In L. Pauwels & D. Mannay (Eds)., The SAGE handbook of visual research methods (2nd ed., pp. 173-185). SAGE Publications.
Warren, J., & Gu, Y. (2017). Pragmatic health information technology evaluation framework. In F. Lau & C. Kuziemsky (Eds.), Handbook of ehealth evaluation: An evidence-based approach (pp. 109-122). University of Victoria. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7814
For online reference works that are continuously updated, such as the online version of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the publication date should be recorded as n.d. (no date) and the date you looked at the online article is placed before the URL in the citation.
Even some more 'official' dictionaries and encyclopedias are updated in an on-going basis and should follow the rule above. For instance, the first example under Encyclopedias is called a 'living edition' even though it has a DOI, ISBN, and publisher. Therefore, the citation requires that 'no date' be indicated in the publication date and retrieval information is included before the URL.
Because Wikipedia keeps copies of each version of each article, do not use 'no date' in place of the publication date, nor include retrieval date information.
Dictionary Entry
Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Ennui. In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved June 1, 2020, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/ennui
Chico F. (n.d.). Carmelyzed. In W. Rader (Ed.), The online slang dictionary: American, English, and urban slang. Retrieved June 1, 2020, from http://onlineslangdictionary.com/meaning-definition-of/carmelyzed
Herbert, M. (2020). Quaile, Mary (1886-1958): Trade union organizer. In K. Gildart & D. Howell (Eds.), Dictionary of labour biography (pp. 201-208). Palgrave MacMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45746-2_1
Encyclopedia Entry
Bendimarad, F., Zayas, J., Khazai, & Borinaga, M. K. (n.d.). Building disaster resiliency through disaster risk management master planning. In M. Beer, I. A. Kougiomtzoglou, E. Patelli, & I. Siu-Kui Au (Eds.), Encyclopedia of earthquake engineering. Springer. Retrieved June 1, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5
Reynolds, C. R., Vannest, K. J., & Fletcher-Janzen, E. (2014). Visual-motor and visual-perceptual problems. In Encyclopedia of special education, Vol. 4: A reference for the education of children, adolescents, and adults with disabilities and other exceptional individuals (4th ed., pp. 2727-2728). Wiley.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Cleft lip and palate. In Medline Plus. Retrieved June 1, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/cleftlipandpalate.html
Wikipedia Entry
To find the date of the article you wish to cite, click on "View History" in the top, right-hand corner of the Wikipedia page, and select the most current version of the article by clicking on the most current date. The URL will now have a series of numbers at the end, indicating an archived version of the Wikipedia article that gives reference to the exact version of the article you accessed.
To view an enlarged version of this image, right click and open in a new tab.
Apollo command and service module. (2020, July 26). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_command_and_service_module&oldid=969569267
Jill Coit. (2020, February 3). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jill_Coit&oldid=969068137
Postmodernist film. (2020, July 16). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postmodernist_film&oldid=968033047
Cochrane Database of Systematic ReviewsInformation Needed
Examples
Foxcroft, D. R., Moreira, M. T., Almeida Santimano, N. M. L., & Smith, L. A. (2015). Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006748.pub4
Molyneaux, E., Howard, L. M., McGeown, H. R., Karia, A. M., & Trevillion, K. (2014). Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002018.pub2
Pellicori, P., Doolub, G., Wong, C. M., Lee, K. S., Mangion, K., Ahmad, M., Berry, C., Squire, I., Lambiase, P. D., Lyon, A., McConnachie, A., Taylor, R. S., & Cleland, J. G. F. (2021). COVID-19 and its cardiovascular effects: A systematic review of prevalence studies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013879
Conference SessionIf citing a canceled presentation or a conference that was planned for in-person attendance but changed to virtual, see the APA Blog article How to Create an APA Style Reference for a Canceled Conference Presentation.
Information Needed
Examples
Conference Session - In-Person or Hybrid Conference
Blackman, C., Fore, I., & Skinner, K. (2016, May 16-19). A new dimension for team science – individual and system elements in collaboration [Workshop]. Science of Team Science (SciTS) 2016 Conference. https://bit.ly/3Il0gmn
Gustetic, J. (2019, September 21-24). Opening session [Keynote]. 2019 ASTC Annual Conference. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. https://www.astc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2019ASTCAnnualConferenceProgram.pdf
Radford, M. L., Kitzie, V., Mikitish, S., Floegel, D., & Silipigni Connaway, L. (2019, April 10-13). Trending now: Recasting services to support scholarly identity work [Paper presentation]. ACRL 2019. Cleveland, OH, United States. https://www.ala.org/acrl/sites/ala.org.acrl/files/content/conferences/confsandpreconfs/2019/acrl2019_program.pdf
Sablan, J., Edwards, K., Wiles, L. J., Guillen, C., & Bai, Z. (2018, March 3-7). Collaboration across units: Lessons shared in support of undergraduate and graduate student transitional experiences [Poster presentation]. 2018 NASPA Annual Conference. Philadelphia, PA, United States. https://conference.naspa.org/images/uploads/2018-NASPA-book-web.pdf
Smith, K. (2016, June 6-7). Libraries & copyright: The past and present [Conference session]. Kraemer Copyright Conference. Colorado Springs, CO, United States. https://copyright.uccs.edu/kraemerconference/archives/sessions2016
Conference Session - Virtual Only Conference
Chow, K. (2022, January 31-February). Propelling Java at Alibaba scale [Plenary session]. CMG IMPACT 2022. https://cmgimpact.com/schedule2022/
Hacker, D. (2022, February 24-25). Deprived at both ends: Women under secular and religious family law [Keynote]. Fifth International Conference on the Future of Women. https://futurewomenconference.com/#
Many, A., Parks, J., Zaback, K., & Zinth, J. (2021, October 18-19). Building OER capacity in the Midwest: Supporting grassroots efforts and statewide collaboration [Conference session]. Open Education Conference. https://opened21.sched.com/
Ybarra, J., Anderson, J., & Karr, S. (2021, April 18). The mediating role of self-efficacy on the math anxiety-performance relationship [Poster presentation]. University of Northern Colorado Research Day 2021. https://www.unco.edu/honors-scholars-leadership/aew/researchdayposters.aspx
Information Needed
Examples
Bywater-Reyes, S., Diehl, R. M., & Wilcox, A. C. (2018). The influence of a vegetated bar on channel-bend flow dynamics (no. 5) [Data set]. University of Northern Colorado, Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/esd_data_2018/16/
Doornwaard, S. M., ter Bogt, T. F. M., Reitz, E., & van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2016). Sex-related online behaviors, perceived peer norms and adolescents’ experience with sexual behavior: Testing an integrative model [Data set]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.96bc0
National Center for State Courts. (1984). Criminal case processing in metropolitan courts, 1976 [Data set]. University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.
National Oceanographic Data Center. (1988). Environmental buoy data [Data set]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Pastor, D., Patterson, C., & Goldberg, A. (2021). Anticipated future political participation: A college student sample (Version 1) [Data set, code book, and instrument]. ICPSR. https://www.openicpsr.org/openicpsr/project/134261
DOI - Digital Object Identifier
A digital object identifier (DOI) is an alphanumeric code that is assigned to content to provide a persistent identifier (like a social security number for articles and chapters and other content). A DOI acts as a locator - helping individuals find articles and chapters cited in bibliographies. DOIs are preferable to URLs because even if the URL for an article breaks in the future, the DOI will remain constant.
DOIs and APA Style
In APA-style reference citations, always express the DOI as a URL ( see below ). This may sound confusing (after all, DOIs different than URLS), but expressing a DOI as a URL allows readers to more easily access the document you cited. DOIs are commonly seen on born-digital content, but may also be included in the print version of content. DOIs always begin with 10; however, a DOI can be expressed as a URL, where https://doi.org/ appears in front of the DOI. If you find a DOI on a source you are citing that does not include https://doi.org/ as a prefix, add it to the DOI for the APA citation. It is best to copy and paste the DOI from digital content to your bibliography so that there are no transcription errors - but don't forget to change the font and font size to match the rest of your paper!
DOI without URL prefix
10.1111/j.1471-8847.2007.00193.x
1. The DOI should be listed on the first page of a journal article. It is sometimes more difficult to find a DOI on a book or book chapter – check the title page verso. The DOI may or may not be prefaced with the letters DOI.
2. DOIs are often included in database records. Thus, when searching a library database like Academic Search Premier, SpringerLink, or Summon, if a DOI is assigned to an article, book, or book chapter, the DOI will be included in the database record.
3. DOIs may also be found in the bibliography of an article – as authors are now using DOIs as a citation tool. If you find a DOI in a bibliography and want to find the actual article, book, or book chapter (or at least further citation information), you need to use a DOI resolver (see http://dx.doi.org/).
Film, Television & Video
Feature Film • Documentary Film • Educational Film • Television Series •
Television Episode • TED Talks • YouTube • Vimeo • Webinar
Feature Film
Information Needed
Examples
Anders, A., Rockwell, A., Rodriguez, R., & Tarantino, Q. (Directors). (1995). Four rooms [Film]. A Band Apart.
Capra, F. (Director). (1946). It’s a wonderful life [Film]. Liberty Films.
Fleming, V. (Director). (1939). Gone with the wind [Film]. Selznick International Pictures; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Gilliam, T. (Director). (1998). Fear and loathing in Las Vegas (Criterion Collection ed.) [Film; Blu-ray disc]. Rhino Films; Summit Entertainment.
Kurosawa, A. (Director). (1954). Shichinin no samurai [Seven samurai] [Film]. Toho.
Renoir, J. (Director). (1950). La règle du jeu [The rules of the game] [Film]. Nouvelle Éditions Française.
Documentary Film
Information Needed
Examples
Flaherty, R. J. (Director). (1922). Nanook of the north [Film; documentary]. Pathé Exchange.
Morris, E. (Director). (1988). The thin blue line [Film; documentary]. Miramax Films.
Neville, M. (Director). (2018). Won’t you be my neighbor [Film; documentary]. Tremolo Productions; Impact Partners; Independent Lens.
Peck, R. (Director). (2016). I am not your Negro [Film; documentary DVD]. Velvet Film; Artemis Productions; Close Up Films.
Zhangke, J. (Director). (2020). Yí zhi yóu dào hǎi shuǐ biàn Ián [Swimming out till the sea turns blue] [Film; documentary]. Xstream Pictures.
Educational Film
Information Needed
Examples
Prince, K. (Director). (2019). Some like it hip hop [Theatrical production recording]. ZooNation: The Kate Prince Company. Retrieved from Digital Theatre Plus.
Sartore, J. (Speaker). (2013). The art of travel photography: Six expert lessons [Film; educational DVD]. Teaching Company.
Television Series
Information Needed
Examples
Sheldon, L. (Executive Producer). (1961-1966). The Dick Van Dyke show [TV series]. Calvada Productions.
Television Episode
Information Needed
Examples
TED Talk
Information Needed
If the TED Talk recording is found on YouTube, cite as a YouTube video (see examples below).
Examples
TED. (2015, March 20). Monica Lewinski: The price of shame [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/H_8y0WLm78U
TED. (2015, April 3). Bill Gates: The next outbreak? We’re not ready [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/6Af6b_wyiwI
YouTube
Information Needed
Examples
Drost, H. [Drost Video]. (2017, July 3). How to find your most watched YouTube videos [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/H_HrNWPThiA
Ghate, J. (2020, April 16). How to paint big dot mandala step by step tutorial [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/sSCPMuOoHJo
Kjellberg, F. A. U. [PewDiePie]. (2021, November 5). People break their legs on purpose. Why? [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/H_HrNWPThiA
Pinkfong Baby Shark – Kids’ Songs & Stories. (2016, June 17). Baby shark dance [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/XqZsoesa55w
University of Northern Colorado, University Libraries [UNCLibraries]. (2020, June 12]. APA style 7 th edition: Formatting an APA style paper – student paper in Microsoft Word [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/wBQz_FHhbRg
Vimeo
Information Needed
Examples
Art Gallery of Western Australia. (n.d.). Hannah Gadsby at AGWA: E Phillips Fox [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/243261903
Brass, M. (2011, August 12). Rocky Mountain National Park [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/27620090
Montana Office of Tourism. (n.d.). Indian nations: Cippewa Cree [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/74474155
Wolf, M. (2020, August 31). Another hayride [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/453421514
Webinar
If the Webinar recording is found on YouTube, cite as a YouTube video (see example below).
Information Needed
Examples
Association of Clinicians for the Underserved. (2021, June 30). Managing in the time of COVID-19 & beyond – diversity, equity, & inclusion [Webinar]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/x5lg_BD-hDA
Hess, D., Hunter, J., Ascher, A., & Bishop, T. (2021, September 1). Understanding the Initial Preventive Physical Examination (IPPE), the Annual Well Visit (AWV) and cognitive assessments and care plan services [Webinar]. Novitas Solutions. https://bit.ly/3CLc5Bg
McCartin, L. (2020, March 18). Prioritizing curriculum during emergency remote teaching [Webinar]. University of Northern Colorado, Center for the Enhancement of Teaching & Learning, Teaching, Learning & Assessment. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/tla/37/
Pudewa, A. (2018, July 2). Strategies for winning the college writing game [Webinar]. Institute for Excellence in Writing. https://excellenceinwriting.adobeconnect.com/_a946750274/pfkfwvkpj194/
Four Parts of a Reference CitationAuthor
Date
Title
Source
Information Needed
Examples
Government Report Online
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, April). HIV infection, risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among transgender women (HIV Surveillance Report No. 27). https://bit.ly/3N2xWZJ
Department of Regulatory Agencies & Department of Health Care Policy and Financing. (2019, November 15). Final report for Colorado’s public opinion. State of Colorado. https://bit.ly/37umoOm
Internet Crime Complaint Center. (n.d.). 2020 internet crime report. Federal Bureau of Investigation. https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/AnnualReport/2020_IC3Report.pdf
United States International Trade Commission. (2019, April). U.S.-Mexico-Canada Trade Agreement: Likely impact on the U.S. economy and specific industry sectors (Report 4889 TPA 105-003). https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub4889.pdf
Government Report Print
Colorado Department of Human Services. (1999, March 1). Assessment of community consolidated child care pilot program: Technical report submitted to the Colorado General Assembly.
Harmon, K. R. (1986, February). Telecommunications study for Colorado libraries: Executive summary report. Colorado Department of Education.
United States General Accounting Office. (1991, June). Professional military education at the four intermediate service schools: Report to the Chairman, Panel on Military Education, Committee on the Armed Services, House of Representatives (GAO/NSAID-91-182). Department of Defense.
Information Needed
Examples
Berg, M. (Principal Investigator). (2021-2022). Graduate content literacy for diverse learners, EDRD 515 [Grant]. University of Northern Colorado OER Committee. https://bit.ly/3JpO05w
Burns, P. (Principal Investigator). (2021-2025). Influence of fish oil on corpus luteum function (Grant No. 2021-67016-33839) [Grant]. United States Department of Agriculture. https://portal.nifa.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/1024909-influence-of-fish-oil-on-corpus-luteum-function.html
Cheung, P. W. (Principal Investigator). (2018-2021). Characterization of novel signaling pathways involved in water balance disorders (Project No. 3K08DK115901-03S1) [Grant]. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10165964
Mayer, J. (Principal Investigator). (2018-2019). OER awareness and infrastructure building at the University of Northern Colorado [Grant]. Colorado Department of Higher Education. https://highered.colorado.gov/Publications/Reports/Legislative/OER/OER_Report_2019_Final.pdf
Grey Literature A Casual DefinitionGrey literature basically refers to the wealth of information sources that are not published through traditional publishing houses. This basically includes any information source that is not a book, journal, magazine, or newspaper.
Grey Literature includes materials that are generally
According to the Twelfth International Conference on Grey Literature, the definition is as follows:
"Grey literature stands for manifold document types produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in print and electronic formats that are protected by intellectual property rights, of sufficient quality to be collected and preserved by libraries and institutional repositories, but not controlled by commercial publishers; i.e., where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body" (for more information see Towards a Prague Definition of Grey Literature - PDF).
APA & Grey Literature Any and all information sources can be cited in APA Style - from annual reports to yearbooks.. paint ings, pamphlets, patents, patient care sheets, plans, podcas ts, post cards, posters, practice guidelines, policies, PowerPoints , preprints, press release, Prezis , proceedings.
Determining How to Cite Grey Literature
with DOI • Print Version • with URL • in Library Databases • with Article Number •
with Page Numbers • Advance Online Publication • In Press
Needed Information
Examples
Journal Articles with DOI
Freeze, J. G., Kelly, H. R., & Batista, V. S. (2019). Search for catalysts by inverse design: Artificial intelligence, mountain climbers, and alchemists. Chemical Reviews, 119(11), 6595-6612. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00759
Katada, S. N. (2013). Financial crisis fatigue? Politics behind Japan’s post-global financial crisis economic contractions. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 14(2), 223-242. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109913000042
Parsons, S. (2009). Sontag’s lament: Emotions, ethics, and photography. Photography and Culture, 2(3), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.2752/175145109X12532077132356
Journal Articles Print Version
If a journal article that you view the original print version of includes a DOI, use that DOI in the citation (see examples above). It the print article you access does not have a DOI, cite as below.
Meeker, M. (2001). Behind the mask of respectability: Reconsidering the Mattachine Society and male homophile practice, 1950s and 1960s. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 10(1), 78-116.
Wechsler, H., Lee, J. E., Kuo, M., & Lee, H. (2000). College binge drinking in the 1990s: A continuing problem – results of the Harvard School of Public Health 1999 college alcohol study. College Health, 48(5), 199-2010.
Wester, F. R. (1953). A technique for the measurement of race attitudes. American Sociological Review, 18(1), 73-78.
Journal Articles with URL
Only cite an article with a URL if it is found online and is not found in a library database nor has a DOI.
If the URL is long and cumbersome, use a URL shortener (such as https://bitly.com/) to create a shorter URL.
Hopsicker, P. M. (2014). Racing to death: The not-so-ordinary happenings of the 1932 Lake Placid Olympic bobsled events. Journal of Sport History, 41(1), 73-93. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/544501/pdf
Moskalik , T., Borz , S. A., Dvořák , J., Ferencik , M., Glushkov , S., Muiste , P., Lazdiņš , A., & Styranivsky , O. (2017). Timber harvesting methods in Eastern European countries: A review. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, 38 (2), 231-241. https://bit.ly/376dRgA
Rashidi, Z., Azadbakht, M., Amini, A., & Karimi, I. (2014). Timber harvesting methods in Eastern European countries: A Review. Cell Journal, 15(4), 282-293. https://celljournal.org/journal/article/abstract/591
Journal Articles in Library Databases
Cite articles accessed in or retrieved from library databases that have a DOI with the DOI (see examples above).
Cite articles accessed in or retrieved from library databases without a DOI as a print journal article (see examples above).
Journal Articles with Article Number
More and more online journals are assigning article numbers instead of page numbers. If both an article number and page numbers are assigned to an article, the reference citation should include only the article number, while the text citation cites the specific page number (if appropriate ).
Cucuzzella, C., Chupin, J.-P., & Hammond, C. (2020). Eco-didacticism in art and architecture: Design as means for raising awareness. Cities, 102, Article 102728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102728
Rothan, H. A., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 109, Article 102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
Urada, L. A., Rusakova, M., Odinokova, V., Tsuyuki, K., Raj, A., & Silverman, J. G. (2019). Sexual exploitation as a minor, violence, and HIV/STI risk among women trading sex in St. Petersburg and Orenburg, Russia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(22), Article 4343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224343
Journal Articles with Page Numbers
Meadwell, J., Paxman-Clarke, L., Terris, D., & Ford, P. (2019). In search of a performing seal: Rethinking the design of tight-fitting respiratory protective equipment facepieces for users with facial hair. Safety and Health at Work, 10(3), 275-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2019.05.001
Taddei, C., Zhou, B., Bixby, H., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Danaei, G., Jackson, R. T., Farzadfar, F., Sophiea, M. K., Di Cesaire, M., Caminia lurilli, M. L., Rodriguez Martinez, A., Ashgari, G., Dhana, K., Gulayin, P., Kakarmath, S., Santero, M., Voortman, Riley, L. M., Cowan, M. J.,…Ezzati, M. (2020). Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol. Nature, 582(7810), 73-77. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1
Zhong, Y.-P., Shen, X.-T., Ying, Y., Wu, H.-T., Li, J., Qi, Q., Zhou, C.-Q., & Zhuang, G.-L. (2012). Impact of transitory hyperprolactinemia on clinical outcome of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 31(1), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10011-011-0039-x
Journal Articles, Advance Online Publication
Articles that are advance online publication are manuscripts that have been accepted, reviewed, and proofed by a journal an d in their final form. They are articles that are published online ahead of the print edition being published, so no volume number, issue number, or page/article number is assigned yet. Most advance online publication articles will include a link that checks for updates, because while they article is likely in its final format, if the journal or the author catches any mistakes, it could be updated. Just like in press articles, it is important to note when citing an advanced online publication, because it alerts readers to the ver sion that was accessed.
Esposito, E., Li, W., Mandeville, E. T., Park, J.-H., Şencan, I., Guo, S., Shi, J., Lan, J., Hayakawa, K., Sakadžić, S., Ji, X., & Lo, E. H. (2020). Potential circadian effects on translational failure for neuroprotection. Nature. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2348-z
Jose, K., MacDonald, F., Vandenberg, M., Williams, J., Abbott-Chapman, J., Venn, A., & Smith, K. J. (2020). School breakfast club programs in Australian primary schools, not just addressing food insecurity: A qualitative study. Health Education & Behavior. Advance online publication. https://doi-org.unco.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/1090198120920193
Rűber, I. E., & Janmaat, J. G. (2020). Does participation in adult education increase volunteering? An analysis of British longitudinal data. Adult Education Quarterly. Advance online publication. https://doi-org.unco.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/0741713620927348
Journal Articles in Press
In press articles are also called Journal Pre-Proofs.
In press articles are articles are manuscripts that have been submitted to and accepted by a journal, but are still in the process of final production; therefore, it is possible mistakes are included in this version of the article that will be caught and corrected before the final version. It is important to note in citation when working with an in press article, so that the reader knows the version of the article any information came from. Not all journals put in press articles online for others to see. It is generally journals in the sciences that offer access to articles before the final version is completed. In general, in press articles will not have a volume, issue, or page numbers; they may or may not be assigned a DOI.
Lai, C.-C., Wang, C.-Y., Ko, W.-C., & Hsueh, P.-R. (in press). In vitro diagnostics of coronavirus disease 2019: Technologies and application. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.05.016
Leckcivilize, A., & Struab, A. (in press). Your wingman could help you land a job: How beauty composition of applicants affects the call-back probability. Labour Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101857
Narushin, V.G., Romanov, M.N., & Griffin, D.K. (in press). A novel egg quality index as an alternative to haugh unit score. Journal of Food Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110176
Magazine Article Print Version • Magazine Article from Library Database •
Magazine Article on Open Web
Information Needed
Examples
Magazine Article Print Version
Malcolm, J. (2018, October 29). Six glimpses of the past: Photography and memory. The New Yorker, 94(34), 18-26.
Shah, S., & El-Sayed, A. (2022, January). Medical algorithms need better regulations. Scientific American, 326(1), 10-11.
Spradley, N. (2016, December). Strokes of genius. Essence, 47(8), 45-46, 48, 50.
What you should know about AirPods. (2022, March). Consumer Reports, 87(3), 14-15.
Magazine Article in Library Database
C ite as a print magazine article (examples above).Magazine Article on Open Web
Berinato, S. (2022, January-February). When people listen to happy songs, the market outperforms. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2022/01/when-people-listen-to-happy-songs-the-market-outperforms
Boyes, A., Esposito, L., Gillihan, S., & Leyba, E. (2021, May 4). The high cost of calm. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/articles/202105/the-high-cost-calm
Faber, T. (Author), Lai, A. (Photographer), & Tao, K. (Stylist). (2022, March 15). David Erritzoe: On the mind-bending potential of psychedelics. Kinfold, 43. https://www.kinfolk.com/david-erritzoe/
If citing a new source from a newspaper, magazine, blog, or video site like YouTube, see examples under these types of sources. For news sources on websites such as ABC News, CBS News, CNN, HuffPost, MSNBC, NBC News, NPR, Reuters, Salon, Vox, etc., site as examples given below.
Information Needed
Examples
News Site - Article with Author(s)
Fulcher, M. P. (2022, March 20). Boulder prepares to mark a painful milestone – a year since the King Soopers Shooting. CPR News. https://www.cpr.org/2022/03/20/boulder-prepares-to-mark-a-painful-milestone-a-year-since-the-king-soopers-shooting/
Karanth, S. (2022, March 16). 1 year after Atlanta spa shootings, Asian American women still face hate and violence. HuffPost. https://bit.ly/3qmU8nq
Sneed, T., & de Vogue, A. (2022, March 21). What Ketanji Brown Jackson might be grilled about her Supreme Court confirmation hearings. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/21/politics/what-to-expect-ketanji-brown-jackson-confirmation-hearings/index.html
Thrash, R. (2022, March 21). 2 Pennsylvania troopers hit by a car and killed as they helped man on interstate, police say. CBSNews. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/two-pennsylvania-troopers-three-hit-car-killed-95-rcna20820
Website, Author and Publisher Are Same
Newspaper Article Print Version • Newspaper Article from Library Database •
Newspaper Article on Open Web
Information Needed
Examples
Newspaper Article Print Version
Coyotes around Nunn numerous and bold. (1916, May 10). Greeley Daily Tribune, 6.
Hindi, S. (2018, May 3). Defense lawyer releases video from body camera. Fort Collins Coloradoan, A1, A3.
Klomhaus, S. (2022, February 10). Assessment finds Mesa County is lacking in available child care. The Daily Sentinel [Grand Junction, Colorado], A3.
[Advertisement for Saks & Company women’s wraps, capes, and coat sale with prices]. (1920, May 11). The New York Times, 5.
Newspaper Article in Library Database
C ite as a print newspaper article (examples above).Newspaper Article on Open Web
Casanova, S., & Sweeney, A. (2021, July 28). Violence spike of 2020 widened familiar safety gap between city neighborhoods, University of Chicago Crime Lab analysis shows. Chicago Tribune. https://bit.ly/3JmCeso
Dickerson, B. (2022, March 16). Opinion: Zelenskyy is the leader of the free world now. Detroit Free Press. https://bit.ly/3qdVnW1
Emails • Text Messages • Private Letters • Online Chats • Direct Messages • Memos •
Telephone Conversations • Unrecorded Classroom Lectures •
Personal Conference Notes • Live Speeches
Personal communications are only cited with an In-Text Citation.
Do not give a Reference Citation.
Personal Communications are unpublished information sources that are not recoverable by the greater population (readers). For published communications, use the corresponding published format for citation examples (i.e., for letters published in a book, cite a book; personal communications may be published in journal articles, books, book chapters, blogs, websites, et cetera).
Information Needed
Examples
Letter
In a letter written by Wyoming State Senator Robert J. Rymill ( personal communication, January 12, 1936) to his brother W. L. Rymill, the senator stated, “Serving on city and county school boards is the most successful avenue to changing education."
Chief Operating Officer Cecelia Okafor ( personal communication, July 7, 2017 ) advised the Board of Trustees of the necessity of managing human capital costs and cross-training efforts .
One presenter, at a recent copyright conference, stated, “My best advice regarding the amount used is to consider the amount needed to serve the purpose in relation to the work being used” ( C. Myers, personal communication, June 10, 2017 ).
Text Message
The following example is for a text message from an unknown source. Generally, the author of a text message is known and both Parenthetical and Narrative In-Text Citations will include the author's name.
A text message sent from an unknown source ( personal communication, May 27, 2020 ) stated, "Some who came into contact with you tested positive or has shown symptoms for COVID-19 & recommends you self-isolate/get tested." Cable News Network (CNN, 2020) later reported that individuals across the United States received the same or similar text messages that including a link that - if activated - downloaded malware onto the recipient's computer.
In an email, G. Hampson ( personal communication, April 20,2020 ) expressed his opinion on commercial (for-profit) entities' involvement in open access as follows:
I think we can build a very effective future on this common ground instead of continuing along the path where we divide our community into those whose motives are “pure,” and those who also look to do this work in a sustainable business manner.
Classroom Lecture (Unrecorded)
During a session of a human anatomy course at the University of Northern Colorado, Professor S. P. Mackessy ( personal communication, January 21,2020 ) referenced a forensic investigation in which snake venom was used as a poison in the death of a two-year-old.
A note on keeping a personal Dark Archive
for Personal Communications used in research.
The Society of American Archivists defines a Dark Archive as " a repository that stores archival resources for future use but is accessible only to its custodian" or a " collection of materials preserved for future use but with no current access."
Generally, a Dark Archive is not necessary or advisable for student papers; however, for theses, dissertations, and formally published works, a Dark Archive of Personal Communications is recommended. Thus, if you cite an email in a journal article, keep that email so that if anyone asks you about the information in the email or questions the veracity of the information, you still have that information accessible.
Podcast Series
Information Needed
Examples
DJ Envy, Yee, A., & Charlamagne tha God (Hosts). (2010-present). The breakfast club [Audio podcast]. iHeartRadio. https://www.iheart.com/podcast/the-breakfast-club-24992238/
Rogan, J. (Hosts). (2009-present). The Joe Rogan experience [Video podcast]. Spotify. https://open.spotify.com/show/4rOoJ6Egrf8K2IrywzwOMk
Shepard, D., & Padman, M. (Hosts). (2018-present). Armchair expert with Dax Shepard [Audio podcast]. Simplecast. https://armchairexpertpod.com/
Podcast Episode
Information Needed
Examples
Abumrad, J. (Host). (2019, November 19). The only one for me, Jolene [Audio podcast episode]. In Dolly Parton’s America. WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/dolly-partons-america/episodes
Eagan, D. (Host). (2021, April 2). Elevators: Terror and death in a 6 by 6 foot box (No. 3) [Audio podcast episode]. In Strange and unexplained. Obsessed Network. https://www.strangeandunexplainedpod.com/post/episode-3-elevator-stories
Ko, C., & Miller, N. (Hosts). (2021, December 9). Matt Damon ruins your Saturday (No. 217) [Video podcast episode]. In Tiny meat game podcast. TMG Studios. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_aUaq1mYds
Presentation Slide DeckInformation Needed
Examples
Denny, M. (2021, April 20). Setting writing goals & staying motivated [Google slides]. Google. https://bit.ly/37Lg05v
Mayer, J., & Webber, N. (2017, November 9). Showcase your impact as an author/creator and tell your research story [PowerPoint slides]. University of Northern Colorado Scholarship & Creative works @ Digital UNC. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/workshops/1/
Wei, L. (n.d.). Multilingualism, social cognition, and creativity [PowerPoint slides]. Stony Brook University. https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/mic/_pdf/LiWeiSlides.ppt
Wiegand, S. (2018, Fall). Asking an answerable question, part III [Slides]. University of Northern Colorado Canvas Learning Management System. https://www.unco.edu/canvas/
Yohe, E. (2021, February 25). What you need to know about paid leave law [Slides]. Colorado Department of Labor and Employment. https://cdle.colorado.gov/sites/cdle/files/documents/CLDE_DLSS_Webinar_PresenationDeck_Web.pdf
Research InstrumentResearch instruments are sometimes referred to as tests. They are scales, inventories, questionnaires, and measurement tools used to collect data.
Information Needed
Examples
Manual for Research Instrument
Kerby, M. L. (1980). Kerby learning modality test: Manual (Rev. Ed.). Western Psychological Services.
Messer, B., & Harter, S. (2012). The self-perception profile for adults: Manual and questionnaires. University of Denver, Department of Psychology. https://portfolio.du.edu/downloadItem/225566
Sanders, C. M., Mauger, P. A., & Strong, P. N., Jr. (1984). Grief experience inventory: Manual. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Research Instrument - Test, Scale, Questionnaire
Alliance for the Study of School Climate. (n.d.). School climate assessment instrument (SCAI): Elementary teacher version (Version 2016 7.2.3). California State University-Los Angeles. https://web.calstatela.edu/centers/schoolclimate/pdf/assessment/ASSC-SCAI-E-G.pdf
American Chronic Pain Association. (n.d.). Quality of life scale: A measure of function for people with pain. https://health.gov/hcq/trainings/pathways/assets/pdfs/QOL_scale.pdf
Mart, E. G. (2011). The practical assessment of testamentary capacity and undue influence in the elderly. Professional Resource Express.
Database Record for Research Instrument
Mind Garden. (1977). Ways of coping questionnaire [Database record]. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/cinahl-plus-full-text
Peterson, J. C. (2016). Stress management questionnaire (Rev. Ed.) [Database record]. Mental Measurements Yearbook with Tests in Print. https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/mental-measurements-yearbook-tests-print
Zeitlin, S, Williamson, G. G., & Szczepanski, M. (n.d.). Early coping inventories: A measure of adaptive behavior, observation and self-rated forms [Database record]. PsycTESTS. https://doi.org/10.1037/t12063-000
Facebook • DeviantArt • Instagram • LinkedIn • Twitter • and many more.
Social Media defined by Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary : F orms of electronic communication (such as websites for social networking and microblogging) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (such as videos).
Social Media defined by Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary : F orms of electronic communication (such as websites for social networking and microblogging) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (such as videos).
Cite social media information only when it is original information. For example, if a Facebook post links you to an article on the UNICEF website, site only the UNICEF site and not the Facebook post; however, if the Facebook post offers original information, such as a Facebook post by a parent expressing the need for face mask exemptions for students in primary school, this is original information and you cite the Facebook post.
Information Needed
For examples of citing YouTube and TikTok videos, see .
F acebook
Red Dirt in My Soul. (2020, July 26). National Day of the Cowboy! Around here we're all cowboys at times. [Image attached]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/RedDirtInMySoul/posts/3309310105780041
University of Wyoming. (2020, July 26). Here at the University of Wyoming we know that being a Cowboy is much more than the traditional definition [Image attached]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/RedDirtInMySoul/posts/3309310105780041
Wyoming Game and Fish Department. (2020, June 2). The big game migrations in Wyoming are quite a spectacle [Video]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/WyoGFD/posts/3346991035324781
DeviantArt
CNeko-chan. (2020, March 19). Thank you [Image attached]. DeviantArt. https://www.deviantart.com/cneko-chan/art/Thank-You-835917030
Lavrov, A. [AlexLavrov]. (2020, March 19). The details [Image attached]. DeviantArt. https://www.deviantart.com/alexlavrov/art/The-Details-834422932
TessAzalea. (2020, June 14). Growth [Image attached]. DeviantArt. https://www.deviantart.com/tessazalea/art/Growth-845537566
Butko, B. [lincoln_highway]. (2020, August 20). A derecho storm with winds up to 140 mph has devastated Iowa, damaging or destroying 13 million acres of crops [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CEHq1J_lcCc/
National Portrait Gallery [nationalportraitgallery]. (2022, February 16). Today's #portraitoftheday is none other than Oscar Wilde [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CaCn4yjMoPJ/
University of Northern Colorado [unc_colorado]. (2022, February 10). Great careers start in bear country. Yours can too! Network with alumni working in careers you want to pursue [Video]. https://www.instagram.com/p/CZziObQBFy8/
Feinstein, A. (n.d.). Home [LinkedIn page]. Retrieved March 7, 2022, from https://www.linkedin.com/in/andyfeinstein/
Morse, A. (2022, March 5). It was great having Sara Frederic of Mississippi State University join us in our University of Northern Colorado of sport [Image attached] [Post]. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:6905657650567032832/
University of Northern Colorado. (2021, May 7). UNC track and field student-athlete and new grad Armanni Portee '21 connected with alumnus and former football player Jonathan Martin [Video attached] [Post]. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/university-of-northern-colorado_uncbears-alumni-connections-activity-6800803462264303616-QoEh
Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2022, March 3). The Ukrainian people need our help. If you're looking for a way to make a difference, here are some organizations [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/1499505056126808068
Musk, E. [@elonmusk]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved March 8, 2022, https://twitter.com/elonmusk
Rocky Mountain National Park [@RockyNPS]. (2015, November 17). The next time someone tells you to take a hike, head to #RMNP! #TakeAHikeDay [Image attached] [Tweet]. https://twitter.com/RockyNPS/status/666668053522960384
Woodson, J. [@JackieWoodson]. (2022, March 4). This happened tonight. #HansChristianAndersenMedal 'for the most distinguished contribution to international children's literature' #IBBY2022 [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/JackieWoodson/status/1499994495760449540
Action Research Projects • Capstones • Dissertations •
Master's Theses • Undergraduate Honors Theses
Published student work refers to students works that are available online through a commercial database (such as ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, through an institutional repository (such as Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC), on a personal website, or other source. Unpublished student work refers to student works that are kept by a university but are only available in print.
Information Needed
Examples
Action Research Project
Felder, A. (2020). The impact of research workbooks on assessment [Action research project, University of Northern Colorado]. Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/arp/25/
Fiumara, D. A. (2016). The effects of motivational strategies to increase teachers' commitment and enthusiasm [Action research project, St. Catherine University]. Sophia, the St. Catherine University Repository. https://sophia.stkate.edu/maed/136/
Mousel, S. (2006). Bad medicine: Homework or headache? Responsibility and accountability for middle level mathematics students [Action research project, University of Nebraska Lincoln]. DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska-Lincoln. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/mathmidactionresearch/51/
Capstone
Senn, K. (2018). Evidence-based tuberculosis screening and testing clinical protocol for public health and primary care providers [Doctoral capstone, University of Northern Colorado]. Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/capstones/38/
Wu, T. (2019). Give me a good reason: Exploring tightness-looseness as a framework for norms-nudges [Master's capstone, University of Pennsylvania]. ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/mbds/15/
Doctoral Dissertation
Beaumont, E. (2004). An empirical study of family group visitors to a millennium art gallery in the UK (Publication No. 2561899289) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Salford]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
Becker, D. (2021). From babysitting to teaching - Latina childcare providers acquiring effective teaching strategies: A grounded theory of transformative professional development [Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado]. Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/dissertations/789/
DeFries Gallagher, A. (2021). A qualitative analysis of the recommended implementation and replication of the cure violence model according to New York City and Chicago program staff interviews [Doctoral dissertation, Johns Hopkins University]. JScholarship. http://jhir.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/66850
Lebsack, R. R. (1976). Identifying facilitative characteristics of major advisers by normative judgment analysis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Northern Colorado.
Williams, K. J. (2018). The structure of models of second-order set theories [Doctoral dissertation, City University of New York]. Kameryn J. Williams. http://kamerynjw.net/research/pubs/diss/kwilliams-diss.pdf
Master's Thesis
Baretta, M. (2021). Exploring communication strategies used by speech-language pathologists and nursing professionals prior to and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic [Master's thesis, University of Northern Colorado]. Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/theses/213/
Gallagher, W. J. (1990). The effect of altitude induced hypoxia on visual evoked potentials [Unpublished master's thesis]. University of Northern Colorado.
Han, M. N. (1994). State succession by Ukraine: Territories and armed forces from the former USSR [Master's thesis, Central Michigan University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
Undergraduate Honors Thesis
